A summary of useful Linux commands

i got this from a pdf document
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Starting & Stopping

shutdown -h now        Shutdown the system now and do not reboot

halt                             Stop all processes - same as above

shutdown -r 5             Shutdown the system in 5 minutes and reboot

shutdown -r now         Shutdown the system now and reboot

reboot                        Stop all processes and then reboot - same as above

startx                          Start the X system

Accessing & mounting file systems

mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom/mnt/cdrom  : 

Mount the device cdrom and call it cdrom under the /mnt directory

mount -t msdos /dev/hdd /mnt/ddrive :  

Mount hard disk “d” as a msdos file system and call it ddrive under the /mntn directory

mount -t vfat /dev/hda1/mnt/cdrive :  

Mount hard disk “a” as a VFAT file system and call it cdrive under the /mnt directory

umount /mnt/cdrom :  

Unmount the cdrom

Finding files and text within files

find / -name fname : 

Starting with the root directory, look for the file called fname

find / -name ”*fname*” : 

Starting with the root directory, look for the file containing the string fname

locate missingfilename : 

Find a file called missingfilename using the locate command - this assumes you have already used the command updatedb (see next)

updatedb : 

Create or update the database of files on all file systems attached to the linux root directory

which missingfilename :

Show the subdirectory containing the executable file called missingfilename

grep textstringtofind /dir :

Starting with the directory called dir , look for and list all files containing textstringtofind